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Paul L. Caron
Dean
Pepperdine Caruso
School of Law

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  • Preview Of The 2026-27 U.S. News Law School Rankings: Ultimate Bar Passage

    Yesterday, I published Preview Of The 2026-27 U.S. News Law School Rankings: First-Time Bar Passage. Today, following up on last week’s post, Law School Rankings By Ultimate Bar Passage Rate (2022): this post projects next year’s 2026-27 U.S. News ultimate bar passage ranking using the current methodology:

    Ultimate bar passage rate (7%): While passing the bar on the first try is optimal, passing eventually is critical. Underscoring this is the ABA’s accreditation standard that at least 75% of a law school’s test-taking graduates must pass a bar exam within two years of earning a diploma. …

    [T]he ultimate bar passage rate indicator was newly calculated as a two-year, non-weighted average.

    With that in mind, the ultimate bar passage ranking factor measures the average percentage of each law school’s 2020 and 2021 graduates who sat for a bar exam and passed it within two years of graduation, including alternative pathway graduates.

    Both the first-time bar passage and ultimate bar passage indicators were used to determine if a particular law school is offering students a rigorous program of legal education. The first-time bar passage indicator was assigned greater weight because of the greater granularity of its data and its wider variance of outcomes.

    Below is next year’s projected 2026-27 U.S. News ranking of the average ultimate bar passage for the classes of 2021 and 2022. For comparison, the current 2025-26 U.S. News ranking of the average ultimate bar passage for the classes 2020 and 2021 are also included.

    Rank School  2026-2027 Ultimate Bar Passage 2025-2026 Ultimate Bar Passage 2025-2026 Ultimate Bar Ranking
    1 Marquette 100.00% 99.11% 11
    2 Wisconsin 99.58% 99.47% 3
    3 Chicago 99.53% 99.76% 1
    3 Virginia 99.53% 99.21% 9
    5 Harvard 99.49% 99.33% 6
    6 Georgia 99.22% 99.17% 10
    7 Duke 99.11% 99.35% 5
    8 BYU 99.07% 99.51% 2
    9 NYU 99.03% 99.25% 7
    9 Yale 99.03% 99.00% 12
    11 Stanford 98.86% 99.41% 4
    12 UC-Berkeley 98.83% 99.23% 8
    13 Northwestern 98.67% 98.00% 21
    14 Penn 98.43% 98.78% 14
    15 Kansas 98.41% 97.96% 22
    16 Minnesota 98.16% 98.79% 13
    17 William & Mary 98.13% 97.69% 27
    18 Baylor 98.06% 97.68% 28
    19 Michigan 97.96% 98.21% 19
    20 Columbia 97.84% 96.45% 39
    21 Univ. of Washington 97.72% 97.96% 23
    22 Wake Forest 97.70% 97.03% 32
    23 Notre Dame 97.56% 95.77% 49
    24 Montana 97.32% 97.10% 31
    25 Fordham 97.31% 97.78% 25
    26 Texas 97.28% 98.57% 16
    27 Vanderbilt 97.21% 97.79% 24
    28 Boston College 97.12% 97.64% 29
    29 Boston Univ. 97.09% 98.41% 17
    30 Penn State-Dickinson 96.94% 95.65% 52
    31 USC 96.80% 98.11% 20
    32 Texas A&M 96.79% 98.69% 15
    33 UCLA 96.70% 97.71% 26
    34 Utah 96.30% 98.26% 18
    35 Indiana (Maurer) 96.28% 96.59% 37
    36 Oklahoma 96.10% 96.08% 44
    37 St. John’s 96.10% 96.67% 35
    38 George Mason 95.94% 97.47% 30
    39 George Washington 95.79% 96.11% 43
    40 Illinois 95.76% 94.42% 68
    40 Ohio State 95.76% 96.72% 34
    42 Georgetown 95.66% 96.37% 40
    43 Washington Univ. 95.63% 96.34% 41
    44 Emory 95.43% 95.04% 64
    45 Texas Tech 95.39% 95.68% 50
    46 Alabama 95.33% 96.86% 33
    47 Washington & Lee 95.30% 94.77% 66
    48 Loyola-L.A. 95.22% 96.55% 38
    49 Arizona State 95.16% 93.94% 74
    50 Northeastern 95.09% 95.16% 63

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  • Delmotte: Beyond The Wealth Tax

    Charles Delmotte (Michigan State; Google Scholar), Beyond the Wealth Tax, 76 Ala. L. Rev. 325 (2024):

    Alabama law reviewThe increased emphasis on economic equality has led to an emerging popularity of a federal wealth tax. Prominent tax scholars and economists advocate imposing a 1% or 2% levy on households with assets exceeding a net worth of $50 million. A wealth tax attempts to tax capital owners on the market value of their assets and businesses in the absence of transactions determine such value. The proposal thus rests upon a dominant underlying assumption: that determining the market value of assets worth trillions of dollars is a surmountable and administrable task. Yet in reality, wealth taxes fail to satisfy the goals of tax policy, namely administrability, efficiency, and equity.

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  • Delmotte: Beyond The Wealth Tax

    Charles Delmotte (Michigan State; Google Scholar), Beyond the Wealth Tax, 76 Ala. L. Rev. 325 (2024):

    Alabama law reviewThe increased emphasis on economic equality has led to an emerging popularity of a federal wealth tax. Prominent tax scholars and economists advocate imposing a 1% or 2% levy on households with assets exceeding a net worth of $50 million. A wealth tax attempts to tax capital owners on the market value of their assets and businesses in the absence of transactions determine such value. The proposal thus rests upon a dominant underlying assumption: that determining the market value of assets worth trillions of dollars is a surmountable and administrable task. Yet in reality, wealth taxes fail to satisfy the goals of tax policy, namely administrability, efficiency, and equity.

    (more…)

  • Crawford: Confronting Inequality—Three Eras Of Gender And Tax Scholarship

    Bridget J. Crawford (Pace; Google Scholar), Confronting Inequality: Three Eras of Gender and Tax Scholarship, 58 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. ___ (2025):

    Loyola la law reviewTax law is not neutral—it encodes social values and reinforces certain longstanding hierarchies. For over fifty years, gender and tax scholarship has exposed how seemingly neutral tax laws perpetuate gender inequality in particular. This essay uses the metaphor of quilting to trace the evolution of this field across three distinct eras.

    Part I names and defines the designing era (1971–1986) as beginning with the Grace Blumberg’s work on the gendered impact of tax laws on marriage, labor, and caregiving; she framed taxation as a tool of social control over women. Blumberg’s work laid the foundation for other scholars who took up the project of uncovering gender bias embedded in the tax law.  

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  • Crawford: Confronting Inequality—Three Eras Of Gender And Tax Scholarship

    Bridget J. Crawford (Pace; Google Scholar), Confronting Inequality: Three Eras of Gender and Tax Scholarship, 58 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. ___ (2025):

    Loyola la law reviewTax law is not neutral—it encodes social values and reinforces certain longstanding hierarchies. For over fifty years, gender and tax scholarship has exposed how seemingly neutral tax laws perpetuate gender inequality in particular. This essay uses the metaphor of quilting to trace the evolution of this field across three distinct eras.

    Part I names and defines the designing era (1971–1986) as beginning with the Grace Blumberg’s work on the gendered impact of tax laws on marriage, labor, and caregiving; she framed taxation as a tool of social control over women. Blumberg’s work laid the foundation for other scholars who took up the project of uncovering gender bias embedded in the tax law.  

    (more…)

  • 7th Circuit Denies Law School’s Request For Rehearing En Banc Of Panel Decision Reviving Law Prof’s Retaliation Claim; Easterbrook Says Public Universities Can Restrict Professors’ Teaching And Scholarship

    Law360, 7th Circuit Judge Slams University's Arguments in En Banc Denial:  Kilborn v. Amiridis, No. 23-3196 (7th Cir. May 2, 2025) (Easterbrook, J.):  "[W]hen a professor and a university are at loggerheads about what constitutes effective teaching and scholarship, the university has to win. Otherwise the Judicial Branch and the populace at large (through juries) displace academic freedom."

    KilbornIt is the business of a university to provide that atmosphere which is most conducive to speculation, experiment and creation. It is an atmosphere in which there prevail the four essential freedoms of a university—to determine for itself on academic grounds who may teach, what may be taught, how it shall be taught, and who may be admitted to study." Sweezy v. New Hampshire (1957) (Frankfurter & Harlan, JJ., concurring) (quoting from an academic report). Sweezy introduced the idea of academic freedom to the pages of the United States Reports. Although a majority did not state clearly who possesses that freedom, the views of Justices Frankfurter and Harlan have persuaded many other federal judges that the university itself is entitled to freedom from outside control, even if a faculty member seeks to enlist the aid of non-academic governmental actors. See, e.g., Webb v. Ball State University (7th Cir. 1999); Wozniak v. Adesida (7th Cir. 2019); Urofsky v. Gilmore (4th Cir. 2000) (en banc).

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  • 7th Circuit Denies Law School’s Request For Rehearing En Banc Of Panel Decision Reviving Law Prof’s Retaliation Claim; Easterbrook Says Public Universities Can Restrict Professors’ Teaching And Scholarship

    Law360, 7th Circuit Judge Slams University's Arguments in En Banc Denial:  Kilborn v. Amiridis, No. 23-3196 (7th Cir. May 2, 2025) (Easterbrook, J.):  "[W]hen a professor and a university are at loggerheads about what constitutes effective teaching and scholarship, the university has to win. Otherwise the Judicial Branch and the populace at large (through juries) displace academic freedom."

    KilbornIt is the business of a university to provide that atmosphere which is most conducive to speculation, experiment and creation. It is an atmosphere in which there prevail the four essential freedoms of a university—to determine for itself on academic grounds who may teach, what may be taught, how it shall be taught, and who may be admitted to study." Sweezy v. New Hampshire (1957) (Frankfurter & Harlan, JJ., concurring) (quoting from an academic report). Sweezy introduced the idea of academic freedom to the pages of the United States Reports. Although a majority did not state clearly who possesses that freedom, the views of Justices Frankfurter and Harlan have persuaded many other federal judges that the university itself is entitled to freedom from outside control, even if a faculty member seeks to enlist the aid of non-academic governmental actors. See, e.g., Webb v. Ball State University (7th Cir. 1999); Wozniak v. Adesida (7th Cir. 2019); Urofsky v. Gilmore (4th Cir. 2000) (en banc).

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  • Mazur & Thimmesch: Cooperative Federalism And The Digital Tax Impasse

    Orly Mazur (SMU; Google Scholar) & Adam B. Thimmesch (Nebraska; Google Scholar), Cooperative Federalism and the Digital Tax Impasse, 51 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 647 (2024):

    Florida state law reviewThe digital economy is changing faster than the law can respond and has challenged legal systems worldwide. In the tax space, the digital economy has undermined traditional tax systems in ways that have created significant tax compliance and enforcement challenges, substantial tax revenue losses, and unwarranted distortions in the market between digital and traditional transactions. These problems are well recognized both in the legal literature and in the public sphere. Unfortunately, the legal reforms that are needed in this space have been slowed by a combination of technical, conceptual, and political impediments. This Article focuses on the digital tax landscape at the U.S. subnational level to demonstrate how those factors are preventing meaningful legal reform and why a novel approach to tax reform may be successful in breaking the current impasse.

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  • Mazur & Thimmesch: Cooperative Federalism And The Digital Tax Impasse

    Orly Mazur (SMU; Google Scholar) & Adam B. Thimmesch (Nebraska; Google Scholar), Cooperative Federalism and the Digital Tax Impasse, 51 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 647 (2024):

    Florida state law reviewThe digital economy is changing faster than the law can respond and has challenged legal systems worldwide. In the tax space, the digital economy has undermined traditional tax systems in ways that have created significant tax compliance and enforcement challenges, substantial tax revenue losses, and unwarranted distortions in the market between digital and traditional transactions. These problems are well recognized both in the legal literature and in the public sphere. Unfortunately, the legal reforms that are needed in this space have been slowed by a combination of technical, conceptual, and political impediments. This Article focuses on the digital tax landscape at the U.S. subnational level to demonstrate how those factors are preventing meaningful legal reform and why a novel approach to tax reform may be successful in breaking the current impasse.

    (more…)

  • Pass Rate On February 2025 California Bar Exam Hits All-Time High, Due To Lowered Passing Score And Bonus For Taking Experimental Test

    The Recorder, Pass Rate on California's February 2025 Bar Exam Hits Historically High 56%:

    California Bar (2021)Nearly 56% of those who took California's calamitous February 2025 bar exam passed, setting a historically high pass rate for the winter administration of the test.

    The success rate, posted by the state bar Monday morning, rivals those set on past July exams, which include far more first-time test-takers who traditionally score higher on the notoriously difficult test. By comparison, fewer than 34% of applicants passed California's February 2024 exam.

    The high pass rate was aided by two factors.

    The California Supreme Court on Friday lowered the raw passing score, acknowledging the significant technical and proctoring problems experienced by most of the people who sat for the exam. Additionally, the bar awarded scoring increases to 527 applicants who did well on a November 2024 experimental exam designed as a test run of the agency's new remotely administered test. …

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